There are over 25,000 research papers on Cannabis and we know enough to safely use the plant in our daily lives.
To give a reference point of our knowledge we can look at how much we know about the brain; the human brain remains one of the most complex and mysterious organs in the human body, yet doctors do brain surgery. While we have made significant progress in understanding its functions and mechanisms, there is still much to be discovered.

So, there is no reason that we shouldn’t be using Cannabis as it has been used for thousands of years to date. Most, if not all, research shows that it is safe to use as a whole plant and food.

Other life factors that will help improve the quality of life are food, eating habits (time and duration), physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Infections and dis-ease also have a direct effect on how we perceive discomfort and pain.

CBN directly connects to the CB1 and CB2 endocannabinoid receptors which:

• regulates inflammation. (1)
• Inhibits the production of cytokines (2), which cause inflammation.
• Minimizing the activation of NF-kB (3)
• Modulating enzymes, including COX-2 and LOX-5 (4)

CB1 is found predominantly in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the brain and spinal cord
Involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including:

• Mood regulation
• Appetite regulation
• Nociception (pain perception)
• Memory and learning
• Neuroprotection
• Activated by endocannabinoids (e.g., anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and exogenous cannabinoids (e.g., THC)
• Play a crucial role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity

CB2 Receptors are found primarily on immune cells, such as macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells
Involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and immune cell function
Activated by endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and exogenous cannabinoids (e.g., THC)
Play a role in modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation, and promoting immune tolerance
In summary, CB1 receptors are primarily involved in the central nervous system and play a role in regulating various physiological processes, while CB2 receptors are primarily involved in the immune system and play a role in regulating immune responses and inflammation.

CBN has been shown to regulate pain, inflammation, and mood. When CBN binds to cannabinoid receptors in the body, it may help reduce pain and inflammation, promoting relaxation and reducing the frequency, severity and duration of migraines.

A review of 12 studies involving 1,980 participants found that medical cannabis, which includes CBN, significantly reduced nausea and vomiting associated with migraine attacks after 6 months of use. (Source: “Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Migraine in Adults: A Review of the Evidence”)
(Source: “Emerging Role of (Endo)Cannabinoids in Migraine”)

Including helping with arthritis and a potential treatment for inflammatory issues and diseases such as fibromyalgia. The effect on inflammation can also have positive results for pain relief with inflamed joints (5) and achieving better sleep.

Studies are showing that CBN has an antioxidant (19) behavior, which can help protect the body from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. CBN can clean up free radicals, prevent oxidation processes, and reduce metal ions.

This can result in:

• Pain relief
• Aid in sleep
• Regulate the immune system
• Antibacterial properties

CBN is showing to be a potent antibacterial agent, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria that are resistant to traditional antibiotics. (20)

Here are some key findings and research related to CBN and spasms:

CBN can regulate the immune system and relieve pain and inflammation caused by conditions like arthritis and Crohn’s disease. It has anticonvulsant behaviors addressing seizure disorders, including epilepsy and muscle spasms in glaucoma.

The CB1 receptor plays a crucial role in regulating anxiety and anxiolytic responses. (21)

Some studies suggest that low doses of CB1 receptor agonists, such as CBN, may have anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects. This is a good example of an ailment where low doses of CB1 receptor agonists resulted in reducing anxiety. High doses may have an opposite effect. Always start with a low dose to observe the effects.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system. There is a destruction of the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. CBN has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in managing MS symptoms.

Research shows the effects of CBN on MS symptoms, including:

Spasticity: CBN has been shown to reduce muscle spasms and stiffness in MS patients.
Pain: CBN has been found to alleviate chronic pain associated with MS.
Inflammation: CBN has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.
Neuroprotection: CBN has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, which may help protect against further damage to the nervous system.

A 2019 study published in the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience found that CBN reduced spasticity and improved quality of life in MS patients.
A 2018 study published in the European Journal of Neurology found that CBN reduced pain and improved sleep quality in MS patients.
A 2015 study published in the Journal of Neuroimmunology found that CBN had anti-inflammatory effects in MS patients.

• Protect retinal ganglion cells from pressure-induced toxicity,
• Attenuate changes in extracellular matrix proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases,
• Reduce inflammation and oxidative stress,
• Modulate the activity of cannabinoid receptors

CBN (cannabinol) is a non-psychoactive Cannabinoid in the cannabis plant. Here are some key findings of the potential benefits found in the following research:

1. Atalay et al. (2020). Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. J Pharm Pharmacol, 72(10), 1411-1422.
2. Smith et al. (2000). Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 293(1), 136-150.
3. Xu et al. (2007). Anti-inflammatory property of the cannabinoid receptor-2-selective agonist JWH-133 in a rodent model of autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Leukoc Biol, 82(2), 532-541.
4. Croxford et al. (2005). Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? J Neuroimmunol, 166(1-2), 3-18.
5. Xu et al. (2007). Anti-inflammatory property of the cannabinoid receptor-2-selective agonist JWH-133 in a rodent model of arthritis. J Leukoc Biol, 82(2), 532-541.
6. Atalay et al. (2020). Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol. J Pharm Pharmacol, 72(10), 1411-1422.
7. Smith et al. (2000). Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 293(1), 136-150.
8. Cannabinol modulates neuroprotection and intraocular pressure: A potential multi-target therapeutic intervention for glaucoma (PubMed)
9. Cannabinol attenuates changes in extracellular matrix proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases in human trabecular meshwork cells exposed to transforming growth factor-beta 2-induced stress (PubMed)
10. Intravitreal administration of cannabinol reduces intraocular pressure in a rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma (PubMed)
11. Cannabinol improves pattern electroretinogram amplitudes and reduces intraocular pressure in a rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma (PubMed)
12. Liang et al. (2022). Cannabinol inhibits oxytosis/ferroptosis by directly targeting mitochondria independently of cannabinoid receptors.  Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 184, 1 May 2022, 16
13. Smith et al. (2000). Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 293(1), 136-150.
14. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017 Nov 1; 313(5): F1124–F1132. Cannabinoids and the kidney: effects in health and disease. Published online 2017 Jul 26. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00290.2017
15. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009 Sep; Cannabinoid regulation of nitric oxide synthase I (nNOS) in neuronal cells 4(3):338-49. doi: 10.1007/s11481-009-9153-7. Epub 2009 Apr 14.
16. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012; 3: 136. Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling. Published online 2012 Nov 16. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00136
17. Babasola O. Okusanya, et al. Front Neurol. 2022; 13: 871187. Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Migraine in Adults: A Review of the Evidence.
    Published online 2022 May 30. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.871187
18. Richard L. Price, MD, PhD, et al. Global Spine J. 2022 Mar; 12(2): 343–352. The Efficacy of Cannabis in Reducing Back Pain: A Systematic Review.
    Published online 2022 Feb 7. doi: 10.1177/21925682211065411
19. Andrzej L. Dawidowicz, Małgorzata Olszowy-Tomczyk, Rafał Typek, CBG, CBD, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBGA, CBDA and Δ9-THCA as antioxidant agents and their intervention abilities in antioxidant action, Fitoterapia, Volume 152, 2021, 104915,
    ISSN 0367-326X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104915 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X21000903)
20. Appendino G, Gibbons S, Giana A, Pagani A, Grassi G, Stavri M, Smith E, Rahman MM. Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study. J Nat Prod. 2008 Aug;71(8):1427-30. doi: 10.1021/np8002673. Epub 2008 Aug 6. PMID: 18681481. Link
21. Litvin Y, Phan A, Hill MN, Pfaff DW, McEwen BS. CB1 receptor signaling regulates social anxiety and memory. Genes Brain Behav. 2013 Jul;12(5):479-89. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12045. Epub 2013 May 22. PMID: 23647582. LINK
22. Veronica Stahl, et al., Comparison of Efficacy of Cannabinoids versus Commercial Oral Care Products in Reducing Bacterial Content from Dental Plaque: A Preliminary Observation, Cureus. 2020 Jan; 12(1): e6809. Published online 2020 Jan 29. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6809
    PMCID: PMC6991146PMID: 32038896, LINK
23. Brown NK, Harvey DJ. In vitro metabolism of cannabinol in rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil and cat. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1990 Jul-Sep;15(3):253-8. doi: 10.1007/BF03190212. PMID: 2253656. LINK
24. Global Spine Journal LINK